The 3rd International Youth Forum ‘Russia-Africa: What Next’ organized by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University) has attempted to review and reassess achievements and challenges in contemporary Russia-Africa relations within the context of global geopolitical changes. Most of the Russian speakers pointed to neo-colonial relations in the economy and politics, shifted blames largely on Western practices for under-development and for various persistent ethnic conflicts in Africa.
But most of the speakers highlighted that not all that is negative in Africa, pointed to the fact that Russia has recently intensified its partnership with Africa. It generally values the independence and sovereignty of African countries. Deputy Minister and Special presidential envoy for the Middle East and Africa, Mikhail Bogdanov noted that “the African continent is a dynamically developing part of the world with an enormous growth potential, attractive domestic market and expanding export prospects”
Bogdanov stated that over recent years, Africa “has been confidently bolstering its international clout, increasingly asserting itself as an influential player in global politics and one of the centers of the multipolar world order being shaped. Considering all these factors, it is quite natural that Russia attaches special significance to building a long-term and beneficial partnership with Africa, as we have much in common, from traditions of joint anti-colonial struggle to a similar vision of many key contemporary problems.”
Africa has the possibility of raising its geopolitical importance, but the continent must overcome several daunting challenges. Meanwhile, Sub-Saharan Africa’s debt crisis shows no signs of abating. A number of French-speaking West African countries have come under military, and majority in Africa are bogged down with how to utilize their tremendous resources to uplift economic development and work towards expected growth. The speakers suggested Africa has to adopt drastic measures including promoting growth-enhancing reforms.
While acknowledging Africa’s role on the international stage, it’s immense economic potential and the huge endowed resources, Russia partly blamed African leaders for their own weak development policies, lack of transparency and accountability. What’s particularly interesting in Africa is the level of attitudes and approach in addressing structural issues, combined with the general perception that development can only be carried out with external forces.
Speakers made constant reference to the fact Russia amis at supporting Africa to achieve sustainable economic growth, intensifying multifaceted and diverse efforts to ensure peace and stability in the continent. Since the first African leaders summit, there has not been any significant shift in the economy despite several bilateral meetings and that of joint Russian-African economic commissions, and therefore Russian prospects to undertake large investments still remain bleak across Africa.
At the second Russia-Africa summit held in St. Petersburg in July 2023, several bilateral agreements and pledges were signed with entrepreneurial and investment partners intended to create a better future relations in the spirit of lighting up a greener Africa. It offered high hopes as African leaders claimed Russia would continue to battle growing neo-colonial tendencies which has been an obstacle in the continent’s development and progress.
After three decades of being inactive on the continent, Russia now has the desire to strengthen its geopolitical influence. It all began after the impressive gathering of first African leaders in Sochi that focus on enhancing constructive cooperation and advancing integration processes within the framework of the African Union and a number of sub-regional structures. Sochi summit was under the motto “For Peace, Security and Development” which attracted a large number of African representatives. The same theme was repeated in St. Petersburg.
According to official documents, there were a total of 569 working meetings that resulted in 92 agreements and contracts signed as part of the first summit. That summit, more or less, opened a new page in the history of Russia’s relations with African countries. Sochi witnessed a historic final communique, and impressive pledges and promises were made in various sparkling speeches and indepth discussions. Understandably, St. Petersburg’s was first to review concrete achievements and second to examine thoroughly strategic ways to further promote Africa’s large-scale development.
The logic behind MGIMO conference was to set concrete tasks for the future. But this has to be done by looking back at what has been achieved during the past few few years and within the context of current geopolitical changes. One significant achievement, so far, is widespread Russia’s anti-Western propaganda across Africa. Unlike China, it has used the media to disparage Western concepts, turning the Africa’s public opinions against the West and to (re)entrench itself by offering increasingly ostentatious investment projects without disposition of the much-needed financial and logistic resources in the key-sectors it has shown interest in Africa. As a well-known fact, China has used most opportunities provided by the intensive globalization process to extend its presence and to consolidate its soft economic power in Africa. It supported countless infrastructure including construction of major public buildings in Africa.
On 24th April 2024, Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s video message to the participants in the 3rd international youth forum Russia-Africa: What Next? held by the Moscow State Institute for International Relations (MGIMO) indicated that this is one of the key platforms for promoting the youth dimension in Russia’s cooperation with African countries.
Moreover, Lavrov believes the mission involves supporting efforts to implement the agreements resulting from the second Russia-Africa summit in St Petersburg. This meeting, at the highest level, laid a solid foundation for generating steady momentum in promoting multifaceted ties between Russia and Africa in the near future. The summit’s outcome documents, the Declaration and the Russia-Africa Partnership Forum Action Plan 2023–2026, set forth the converging approaches on these matters.
In his address, Lavrov made reference to the updated Foreign Policy Concept, approved by President Vladimir Putin on 31st March 2023, in which one of the unquestionable priorities today is to forge lasting strategic partnerships with African countries. For the purpose of this article it was necessary to dig out this document. The logic of the document reflects the changing geopolitical realities. The new concept says Russia stands in solidarity with the African states in their desire for a more equitable world and elimination of social and economic inequality, which is growing due to the sophisticated neo-colonial policies of some developed states towards Africa.
According to the document, the Russian Federation intends to support further the establishment of Africa as a distinctive and influential centre of world development. Its priority here is Russian-African cooperation in various spheres on a bilateral and multilateral basis, primarily within the framework of the African Union and the Russia-Africa Partnership Forum.
The 42-page document consists of six sections and a total of 76 paragraphs. The previous version of the concept was adopted in November 2016. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation published on its website the text (in English, Spanish, and French) of the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, approved by Presidential Executive Order No. 229 of March 31, 2023.
Lavrov explained that Russia views the African continent as a global centre with its own unique identity in the emerging multipolar global architecture. That African friends have made great strides in their national development is a source of great satisfaction for Russia. This is largely attributable to proactive youth engagement in political, economic and humanitarian processes. Russia reaffirms its commitment to helping African countries strengthen their sovereignty and security in all aspects and dimensions.
“We will keep up our proactive efforts to promote capacity building in African countries, including by increasing the number of scholarships we award, as well as by opening branches of Russian universities and schools across the continent, and developing a network of open education centres,” Minister Lavrov emphasized in his message.
In his 29th February 2024, Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, President Vladimir Putin referred to the Russia-Africa summits as “a genuine breakthrough” but a lot of more work lies ahead. In this context, it requires creativity and energy, as well as the ability to search for and come up with solutions when addressing the challenges in the relations between Russia and Africa. Despite the setback obstacles, Lavrov with optimism concluded: “I am certain that these meetings will bring about tangible results and will serve as an informal networking platform for engaging in insightful discussions and establishing mutually beneficial contacts for the future.”
Over the years little has happened from Russia’s side. Several delegation visited Africa and on the other way around. And African delegations keep forth and back to Moscow and to the Kremlin. President Vladimir Putin is yet to visit Africa, not Egypt and not South Africa. Dmitry Medvedev’s visit to Africa in June 2009 was considered an important step to shift Russian perceptions of the continent. That trip absolutely has very little significant impact, even until today. Medvedev was accompanied by 300 business-people, inspired to talk to African counterparts about how they can share expertise and resources, to collaborate in investment sectors. But bilateral cooperation is a two-way street, and it is not about charity as African leaders think. While Russia struggles to expand its trade relationship to a higher level, African leaders negotiate for nothing as they already have their traditional United States and European markets – source of revenue to state budget. In fact, Russia still lags far behind its BRIC partners in terms of bilateral trade with Africa.
Under the patronage of MGIMO University Rector Anatoly Torkunov and Russian Presidential Aide Andrei Fursenko, the 3rd youth forum, held late April 2024, discussed the political aspects of African countries, energy issues and economic cooperation between Russia and Africa. In addition, the forum hosted several brainstorms and country case studies. It provided an opportunity to foster mutual understanding and round-table meaningful discussions with participation of political figures from Russia and Africa, the academic and scientific community and diplomats, well-known experts and guests.
Russia-Africa: What Next? Sochi will host a special ministerial conference of the Russia-Africa partnership forum on 11th-12th November 2024, bringing African leaders, academics, corporate business representatives to facilitate exchange of opinions and those from the Africa Union (AU) and African regional organizations purposely to address the implementation of concrete decisions of the second Russia-Africa summit, according to Russian Foreign Affairs Ministry.